Connection friction · as of June 2026

Connection queues and waits: 38 markets, worst first

How hard it is to connect a large new load in each market, and how long it takes. Markets with a countable queue show its depth and typical wait; markets where the barrier is access rather than a queue show a friction level. Every figure is labelled measured or modelled and cited on the market page. Year-band waits are free here; precise waits in months, and how each queue has moved, are the Analyst Desk, part of the Connection Friction Feed.

● Severe● High● Moderate● Low
File to energized, worst first
Each bar is one market’s end-to-end wait for a large new load, split into the stages that make it up. Hover a segment for the stage and its length. Stages overlap in practice and vary by project; the split is our estimate anchored to each operator’s published process, and the total is the representative time to energization rather than a quoted date. 28 markets carry a stage build-up and are drawn here; the other 10 on this page are graded but not timed.
■ stage 1■ stage 2■ stage 3· segment order follows each market’s own process
1y2y3y4y5y6y7y8yGermany South (Frankfurt/Munich) · Application & queue position: 6 monthsGermany South (Frankfurt/Munich) · Grid study & connection offer: 18 monthsGermany South (Frankfurt/Munich) · Network reinforcement / transmission build: 60 monthsGermany South (Frankfurt/Munich) · Construction & energization: 18 months🇩🇪 Germany South8y 6mJapan East (Tokyo, 50Hz) · Application & capacity study: 12 monthsJapan East (Tokyo, 50Hz) · Grid connection study & offer: 18 monthsJapan East (Tokyo, 50Hz) · Substation & network reinforcement: 42 monthsJapan East (Tokyo, 50Hz) · Construction & energization: 18 months🇯🇵 Japan East7y 6mGermany North (Hamburg) · Application & queue position: 6 monthsGermany North (Hamburg) · Grid study & connection offer: 12 monthsGermany North (Hamburg) · Network reinforcement / transmission build: 42 monthsGermany North (Hamburg) · Construction & energization: 18 months🇩🇪 Germany North6y 6mAlberta · Application & queue entry: 12 monthsAlberta · System study & connection offer: 12 monthsAlberta · Transmission build: 36 monthsAlberta · Construction & energization: 12 months🇨🇦 Alberta6yNorthern Virginia (PJM) · Application & cluster entry: 6 monthsNorthern Virginia (PJM) · System impact / cluster study: 36 monthsNorthern Virginia (PJM) · Facilities agreement: 12 monthsNorthern Virginia (PJM) · Construction & energization: 18 months🇺🇸 Northern Virginia6yJapan West (Osaka, 60Hz) · Application & capacity study: 10 monthsJapan West (Osaka, 60Hz) · Grid connection study & offer: 14 monthsJapan West (Osaka, 60Hz) · Substation & network reinforcement: 30 monthsJapan West (Osaka, 60Hz) · Construction & energization: 18 months🇯🇵 Japan West6yQuebec · Ministerial authorization: 12 monthsQuebec · Grid study & connection offer: 12 monthsQuebec · Network reinforcement: 24 monthsQuebec · Construction & energization: 12 months🇨🇦 Quebec5yTaiwan · Application & Taipower review: 12 monthsTaiwan · Grid study & connection offer: 12 monthsTaiwan · Substation & network reinforcement (161 kV): 18 monthsTaiwan · Construction & energization: 12 months🇹🇼 Taiwan4y 6mSouth Korea · Supply confirmation (KEPCO): 12 monthsSouth Korea · 154 kV tie-in study & agreement: 12 monthsSouth Korea · Substation & line build: 18 monthsSouth Korea · Construction & energization: 12 months🇰🇷 South Korea4y 6mGreat Britain · Application window & Gate 2 offer: 12 monthsGreat Britain · Connection design & agreement: 12 monthsGreat Britain · Network reinforcement: 12 monthsGreat Britain · Construction & energization: 12 months🇬🇧 Great Britain4yIreland (Dublin) · Batch application & study: 12 monthsIreland (Dublin) · Connection offer & acceptance: 6 monthsIreland (Dublin) · Agreement & works: 12 monthsIreland (Dublin) · Construction & energization: 18 months🇮🇪 Ireland4yOntario · Application & IESO system impact study: 12 monthsOntario · Transmitter connection impact assessment: 12 monthsOntario · Line upgrades & substation: 12 monthsOntario · Construction & energization: 12 months🇨🇦 Ontario4ySouth Africa · Application & Eskom cost estimate / budget quote: 12 monthsSouth Africa · Grid connection agreement: 12 monthsSouth Africa · Network build: 12 monthsSouth Africa · Construction & energization: 12 months🇿🇦 South Africa4yFrance · Application & site designation: 6 monthsFrance · Grid study & connection offer: 12 monthsFrance · Agreement & works planning: 12 monthsFrance · Construction & energization: 12 months🇫🇷 France3y 6mIndia · Application & DISCOM approval: 6 monthsIndia · Grid study & connection agreement: 9 monthsIndia · Network augmentation: 12 monthsIndia · Construction & energization: 9 months🇮🇳 India3yPhilippines · Application & NGCP / Meralco study: 9 monthsPhilippines · Substation & feeder build: 12 monthsPhilippines · Connection agreement: 6 monthsPhilippines · Construction & energization: 9 months🇵🇭 Philippines3ySweden South (Malmo, SE4) · Application & site: 5 monthsSweden South (Malmo, SE4) · Grid study & connection offer: 10 monthsSweden South (Malmo, SE4) · Agreement & works planning: 9 monthsSweden South (Malmo, SE4) · Construction & energization: 12 months🇸🇪 Sweden South3yThailand · Application & EGAT / PEA study: 9 monthsThailand · Grid connection agreement: 9 monthsThailand · Network reinforcement: 9 monthsThailand · Construction & energization: 9 months🇹🇭 Thailand3yHong Kong · Application & CLP / HK Electric study: 6 monthsHong Kong · Supply agreement: 6 monthsHong Kong · Network works: 12 monthsHong Kong · Construction & energization: 6 months🇭🇰 Hong Kong2y 6mIndonesia · Application & PLN study: 6 monthsIndonesia · Connection agreement: 6 monthsIndonesia · Network works: 6 monthsIndonesia · Construction & energization: 6 months🇮🇩 Indonesia2yMalaysia · Green Lane application: 3 monthsMalaysia · Grid study & connection offer: 6 monthsMalaysia · Network works: 9 monthsMalaysia · Construction & energization: 6 months🇲🇾 Malaysia2yERCOT Central (Houston & DFW) · Application & screening: 6 monthsERCOT Central (Houston & DFW) · Interconnection study & agreement: 6 monthsERCOT Central (Houston & DFW) · Construction & energization: 12 months🇺🇸 ERCOT Central2yERCOT West (West Texas & Panhandle) · Application & screening: 6 monthsERCOT West (West Texas & Panhandle) · Interconnection study & agreement: 6 monthsERCOT West (West Texas & Panhandle) · Construction & energization: 12 months🇺🇸 ERCOT West2yFinland · Application & site: 4 monthsFinland · Grid study & connection offer: 8 monthsFinland · Agreement & works planning: 6 monthsFinland · Construction & energization: 6 months🇫🇮 Finland2yNorway · Application & site: 4 monthsNorway · Grid study & connection offer: 8 monthsNorway · Agreement & works planning: 6 monthsNorway · Construction & energization: 6 months🇳🇴 Norway2ySaudi Arabia · Application & SERA / SEC approval: 4 monthsSaudi Arabia · Grid study & connection offer: 6 monthsSaudi Arabia · Network works: 8 monthsSaudi Arabia · Construction & energization: 6 months🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia2ySweden North (Lulea, SE1/SE2) · Application & site: 4 monthsSweden North (Lulea, SE1/SE2) · Grid study & connection offer: 8 monthsSweden North (Lulea, SE1/SE2) · Agreement & works planning: 6 monthsSweden North (Lulea, SE1/SE2) · Construction & energization: 6 months🇸🇪 Sweden North2yUnited Arab Emirates · Application & approval: 4 monthsUnited Arab Emirates · Grid study & connection offer: 6 monthsUnited Arab Emirates · Network works: 8 monthsUnited Arab Emirates · Construction & energization: 6 months🇦🇪 United Arab Emirates2y
MarketRegionConnection frictionDetailBasis
🇨🇦 AlbertaCanadaSevere5-8 years (queue capped) ↗measured
🇩🇪 Germany South (Frankfurt/Munich)EuropeSevere7-10 years ↗measured
🇯🇵 Japan East (Tokyo, 50Hz)AsiaSevere5-10 years ↗measured
🇳🇱 NetherlandsEuropeSevere38 GW queue, over 5 yr wait ↗measured
🇺🇸 Northern Virginia (PJM)United StatesSevere144 GW queue, over 5 yr wait ↗measured
🇨🇦 QuebecCanadaSevere4-6 years (authorization-gated) ↗proxy
🇹🇼 TaiwanAsiaSevere3-5 years ↗proxy
🇺🇸 CAISO (California)United StatesHigh191 GW queue, about 4 to 5 yr wait ↗measured
🇺🇸 Desert Southwest (Phoenix)United StatesHigh95 GW queue, about 4 to 5 yr wait ↗modelled
🇩🇪 Germany North (Hamburg)EuropeHigh5-8 years ↗proxy
🇬🇧 Great BritainEuropeHigh283 GW queue, about 3 to 4 yr wait ↗measured
🇺🇸 ISO New EnglandUnited StatesHigh15 GW queue, about 4 to 5 yr wait ↗measured
🇮🇪 Ireland (Dublin)EuropeHigh5 GW queue, about 3 to 4 yr wait ↗measured
🇯🇵 Japan West (Osaka, 60Hz)AsiaHigh4-8 years ↗proxy
🇺🇸 MISO (Midwest)United StatesHigh382 GW queue, about 4 to 5 yr wait ↗measured
🇺🇸 NYISO (New York)United StatesHigh29 GW queue, about 4 to 5 yr wait ↗measured
🇨🇦 OntarioCanadaHigh3-5 years ↗proxy
🇺🇸 Pacific NorthwestUnited StatesHigh130 GW queue, about 4 to 5 yr wait ↗modelled
🇺🇸 SPP (Southwest Power Pool)United StatesHigh171 GW queue, about 4 to 5 yr wait ↗measured
🇿🇦 South AfricaAfricaHigh3-5 years ↗proxy
🇰🇷 South KoreaAsiaHigh3-5 years ↗proxy
🇪🇸 SpainEuropeHighpermit-gated ↗measured
🇺🇸 US Southeast (Atlanta)United StatesHigh153 GW queue, about 4 to 5 yr wait ↗measured
🇫🇷 FranceEuropeModerate3-4 years (fast track) ↗measured
🇭🇰 Hong KongAsiaModerate2-3 years ↗proxy
🇮🇳 IndiaAsiaModerate2-4 years ↗proxy
🇮🇩 IndonesiaAsiaModerate1-2 years (Batam) ↗proxy
🇲🇾 MalaysiaAsiaModerate1-3 years (Green Lane) ↗proxy
🇵🇭 PhilippinesAsiaModerate2-4 years ↗proxy
🇸🇪 Sweden South (Malmo, SE4)EuropeModerate2-4 years ↗proxy
🇹🇭 ThailandAsiaModerate2-4 years ↗proxy
🇺🇸 ERCOT Central (Houston & DFW)United StatesLow1-2 years ↗proxy
🇺🇸 ERCOT West (West Texas & Panhandle)United StatesLow1-2 years ↗proxy
🇫🇮 FinlandEuropeLow1-3 years ↗proxy
🇳🇴 NorwayEuropeLow1-3 years ↗proxy
🇸🇦 Saudi ArabiaMiddle EastLow1-3 years ↗proxy
🇸🇪 Sweden North (Lulea, SE1/SE2)EuropeLow1-3 years ↗proxy
🇦🇪 United Arab EmiratesMiddle EastLow1-3 years ↗proxy
Queue context: These are generation and storage interconnection queues. They show how congested the interconnection system is. They do not measure how long a new large load waits, and their withdrawal rates are not load withdrawal rates. At the end of 2025, generation and storage projects totalling about 2,060 GW were actively waiting in United States queues, down 10% from a year earlier. Of the capacity that entered between 2000 and 2020, about 75% withdrew before connecting and only about 13% reached operation by end-2025. The typical project built in 2025 waited about 61 months from request to operation (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Queued Up 2026). Figures below are refreshed quarterly; each is labelled measured or modelled.
The wait is the typical end-to-end time for a large new load, from a complete application being accepted to full firm energization of the nominated MW, not a firm quote. Earlier milestones (initial, phased, temporary or conditional energization) come sooner and are reported separately. Multi-year waits are real in saturated grids: in Northern Virginia, Dominion has said large data centres over 100 MW can wait up to seven years, and parts of the Netherlands and Ireland are quoted at similar or longer horizons.

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Each market's friction level and wait band stay free on its rating page. Withdrawal rates and data-center share are the enterprise Connection Friction Feed; this free view is a current snapshot, refreshed quarterly.